urbanisation: the process by which tower and cities grow; it is marked by a gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, as compared to rural areas

Industrial Revolution: the period oi widespread and rapid change in Europe In the 18th and 19th centurles when largely rural and agricultural societies became urban and industrialised, with machines being used to produce goods on a large scale in factories

Infrastructure: the basic structures and facilities which support human life, such as water supply, roads, power supply, garbage disposal system, sewage plants, housing, cable networks, schools, hospitals, airports, bridges, railways

commute: travel regularly to and from one’s place of work

metropolis: a large and important city; usually the capital city of a country, state or region

satellite city: small cities built around metropolises

smart city: a city whose infrastructure and management are supported by information and communication technology

information and communication technology (ICT): technology that allows people and organisations to interact in the digital world; it includes digital technology, telecommunications and IT

sustainable: that which avoids depleting the natural resources or damaging the environment

sustainable development: a method of development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

e-Governance: electronic governance; governance that uses information and communication technology to serve the people