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1. 1.

   Read the following essay and make notes. Write a short summary too.

   The chimpanzee, as experiments at the university of Georgia conclude, may never reach the human's capacity fro thought. To this extent, its ability to reason appears limited in comparison with the human's.

   However, the observations from the Ivory Coast on chimpanzees demonstrate that these primates do use judgment. To take an example : nuts with hard shells from part of their diet. The chimpanzees use granite stones to crack them open. In addition, they rely on their judgment in order to select the stones for this purpose. If they plan to move short distances, they carry heavier stones. If they are moving longer distances to get to the nuts, they make sure they carry lighter stones, so they do not tire out easily.

   Young chimpanzees are known to pick up skills such as using tools like spoons and screwdrivers. They also learn how to ride a bicycle quickly. In fact, with training they could become like humans.

   The fact, however, remains that even if they are closest to humans in the evolutionary scale, they are not humans. The adult chimpanzee is more likely to be aggressive and cannot be trained to do tasks easily. Their capacity to reason, by human standards, appears limited. But this is not to say they lack intelligence. Only further studies will reveal how they process higher-order thinking skills.

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   Note: Chimpanzees may not have that human-like ability for t...

2. 2.

   Read the following essay and make notes. Write a short summary too.

   India faces a host of environmental challenges. Air pollution, water pollution, solid waste management and degradation of the natural environment have all been major challenges for India. The situation was worse between 1947 through 1995. According to data collection and environment assessment studies of World Bank experts, between 1995 through 2010, India made extremely fast progress in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality, similar to those enjoyed in developed economies.

   British rule of India saw several laws related to the environment. Amongst the earlier ones were Shore Nuisance (Bombay and Kolaba) Act of 1853 and the Oriental Gas Company Act of 1857. Whilst these laws failed in having the desired effect, British-enacted legislations led to the formulation of many environmental regulations in India. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy triggered the Government of India to enact the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986. India also enacted a set of Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules in 2000.

   In 1985, the Indian Government created the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This ministry is the central administrative organisation in India for regulating and ensuring environmental protection.

   In 1990s, several reforms were introduced. That is when, for the first time in Indian history, air pollution levels dropped in a five-year period. Satellite coverage confirms that between 1992 and 2010, India's forest cover had grown for the first time by over 4 million hectares, registering a 7% increase. This positive trend must be sustained for years to come.

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   Notes: India has long struggled with environmental problems ...